Dengan terjadinya Perang Dunia Kedua, negara-negara yang terlibat dalam perang tersebut berusaha mengembangkan komputer untuk mengeksploit potensi strategis yang dimiliki komputer. Hal ini meningkatkan pendanaan pengembangan komputer serta mempercepat kemajuan teknik komputer. Pada tahun 1941, Konrad Zuse, seorang insinyur Jerman membangun sebuah komputer, Z3, untuk mendesain pesawat terbang dan peluru kendali.
Pihak sekutu juga membuat kemajuan lain dalam pengembangan kekuatan komputer. Tahun 1943, pihak Inggris menyelesaikan komputer pemecah kode rahasia yang dinamakan Colossus untuk memecahkan kode-rahasia yang digunakan Jerman. Dampak pembuatan Colossus tidak terlalu mempengaruhi perkembangan industri komputer dikarenakan dua alasan. Pertama, colossus bukan merupakan komputer serbaguna (general-purpose computer), ia hanya didesain untuk memecahkan kode rahasia. Kedua, keberadaan mesin ini dijaga kerahasiaannya hingga satu dekade setelah perang berakhir.
Usaha yang dilakukan oleh pihak Amerika pada saat itu menghasilkan suatu kemajuan lain. Howard H. Aiken (1900-1973), seorang insinyur Harvard yang bekerja dengan IBM, berhasil memproduksi kalkulator elektronik untuk US Navy. Kalkulator tersebut berukuran panjang setengah lapangan bola kaki dan memiliki rentang kabel sepanjang 500 mil. The Harvd-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, atau Mark I, merupakan komputer relai elektronik. Ia menggunakan sinyal elektromagnetik untuk menggerakkan komponen mekanik. Mesin tersebut beropreasi dengan lambat (ia membutuhkan 3-5 detik untuk setiap perhitungan) dan tidak fleksibel (urutan kalkulasi tidak dapat diubah). Kalkulator tersebut dapat melakukan perhitungan aritmatik dasar dan persamaan yang lebih kompleks.
Perkembangan komputer lain pada masa kini adalah Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), yang dibuat oleh kerjasama antara pemerintah Amerika Serikat dan University of Pennsylvania . Terdiri dari 18.000 tabung vakum, 70.000 resistor, dan 5 juta titik solder, komputer tersebut merupakan mesin yang sangat besar yang mengkonsumsi daya sebesar 160kW.
Komputer ini dirancang oleh John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) dn John W. Mauchly (1907-1980), ENIAC merupakan komputer serbaguna (general purpose computer) yang bekerja 1000 kali lebih cepat dibandingkan Mark I.
Pada pertengahan 1940-an, John von Neumann (1903-1957) bergabung dengan tim University of Pennsylvania dalam usha membangun konsep desin komputer yang hingga 40 tahun mendatang masih dipakai dalam teknik komputer. Von Neumann mendesain Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer(EDVAC) pada tahun 1945 dengan sebuh memori untuk menampung baik program ataupun data. Teknik ini memungkinkan komputer untuk berhenti pada suatu saat dan kemudian melanjutkan pekerjaannya kembali. Kunci utama arsitektur von Neumann adalah unit pemrosesan sentral (CPU), yang memungkinkan seluruh fungsi komputer untuk dikoordinasikan melalui satu sumber tunggal. Tahun 1951, UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) yang dibuat oleh Remington Rand, menjadi komputer komersial pertama yang memanfaatkan model arsitektur von Neumann tersebut.
Baik Badan Sensus Amerika Serikat dan General Electric memiliki UNIVAC. Salah satu hasil mengesankan yang dicapai oleh UNIVAC dalah keberhasilannya dalam memprediksi kemenangan Dwilight D. Eisenhower dalam pemilihan presiden tahun 1952.
Komputer Generasi pertama dikarakteristik dengan fakta bahwa instruksi operasi dibuat secara spesifik untuk suatu tugas tertentu. Setiap komputer memiliki program kode-biner yang berbeda yang disebut “bahasa mesin” (machine language). Hal ini menyebabkan komputer sulit untuk diprogram dan membatasi kecepatannya. Ciri lain komputer generasi pertama adalah penggunaan tube vakum (yang membuat komputer pada masa tersebut berukuran sangat besar) dn silinder magnetik untuk penyimpanan data.
Monday, October 26, 2009
Saturday, October 10, 2009
Architecture
Contemporary computer put ALU and control units into a single integrated circuit known as the Central Processing Unit or CPU. Typically, the computer memory is placed in the top few small integrated circuits near the CPU. Tool which occupies most of the computer room is ancilliary system (for example, to provide electrical power) or instrument I / O.
Some larger computers differ from the above model in one main thing - they have multiple CPUs and control units working simultaneously. Moreover, several computers, used largely for research purposes and scientific computing, have differed significantly from the above model, but they have found little commercial use.
The function of the computer, in principle, is actually quite simple. Computer reaching the command and data from memory. Command conducted, the results are stored, and subsequent orders achieved. This procedure is repeated until the computer is turned off.
Some larger computers differ from the above model in one main thing - they have multiple CPUs and control units working simultaneously. Moreover, several computers, used largely for research purposes and scientific computing, have differed significantly from the above model, but they have found little commercial use.
The function of the computer, in principle, is actually quite simple. Computer reaching the command and data from memory. Command conducted, the results are stored, and subsequent orders achieved. This procedure is repeated until the computer is turned off.
Instruction
Commands discussed above is not a command like human language. Computers only have a limited number of simple commands well defined. Ordinary command is understood most of the computer is "copy the contents of cell 123, and a place in the cell clone 456", "add the contents of cell 666 to cell 042, and the result in 013 cells", and "if the contents of cell 999 is 0, the next command you in 345 cells ".
Instructions represented in the computer as a number - code for "copy" may be 001, for example. A set of special commands that are supported by a particular computer is known as machine language. In practice, people usually do not write instructions for computers directly in machine language but use the programming language "high level" is then translated into machine language automatically by special computer programs (interpreters and compilers). Some programming languages are closely related to machine language, such as an assembler (low level languages); on the other hand, languages like Prolog are based on abstract principles far removed from actual implementation details of the engine (high-level language)
Instructions represented in the computer as a number - code for "copy" may be 001, for example. A set of special commands that are supported by a particular computer is known as machine language. In practice, people usually do not write instructions for computers directly in machine language but use the programming language "high level" is then translated into machine language automatically by special computer programs (interpreters and compilers). Some programming languages are closely related to machine language, such as an assembler (low level languages); on the other hand, languages like Prolog are based on abstract principles far removed from actual implementation details of the engine (high-level language)
Input and results
I / O allows the computer to get information from the outside world, and put his work there, can the physical form (hardcopy) or non-physical (softcopy). There are various kinds of devices I / O, from the familiar keyboards, monitors and disk drives, to the more unusual such as a webcam (web camera, printer, scanner, and so on.
Which is owned by all the usual input devices is that they encode (change) information of a kind to the data can be further processed by a digital computer system. Instrument output, decoding the data into information that can be understood by computer users. In this sense, the digital computer system is an example of data processing systems.
Which is owned by all the usual input devices is that they encode (change) information of a kind to the data can be further processed by a digital computer system. Instrument output, decoding the data into information that can be understood by computer users. In this sense, the digital computer system is an example of data processing systems.
Processing
Central processing unit or CPU (central processing unit) contributes to process referrals, perform calculation and deal with excessive menerusi information computer system. Processing units or devices will also communicate with the device input, output and storan to implement directives related.
Image: CPU with pins.jpg
Example of a CPU in packaging Ball Grid Array (BGA) is displayed upside down by showing her legs
In the von Neumann architecture of the original, he describes an Arithmetic and Logic Unit and a Control Unit. In modern computers, the two units are located in a single integrated circuit (IC - Integrated Circuit), which is usually called the CPU (Central Processing Unit).
Arithmetic and Logic Unit, or Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), is a device that performs the basic implementation as the implementation of arithmetic (addition, subtraction, and the like), the implementation of logical (AND, OR, NOT), and the implementation of comparison (eg, compare the contents of two slots for equality). In this unit performed "work" is real.
Save the command control unit is now done by computers, orders for the implementation of the ALU and get back information (from memory) needed to execute the command, and move back the results to the appropriate memory location. Once that happens, the control unit to go to the next command (usually located in the next slot, except if the order is a jump command that tells the computer that the next order placed at other locations
Image: CPU with pins.jpg
Example of a CPU in packaging Ball Grid Array (BGA) is displayed upside down by showing her legs
In the von Neumann architecture of the original, he describes an Arithmetic and Logic Unit and a Control Unit. In modern computers, the two units are located in a single integrated circuit (IC - Integrated Circuit), which is usually called the CPU (Central Processing Unit).
Arithmetic and Logic Unit, or Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), is a device that performs the basic implementation as the implementation of arithmetic (addition, subtraction, and the like), the implementation of logical (AND, OR, NOT), and the implementation of comparison (eg, compare the contents of two slots for equality). In this unit performed "work" is real.
Save the command control unit is now done by computers, orders for the implementation of the ALU and get back information (from memory) needed to execute the command, and move back the results to the appropriate memory location. Once that happens, the control unit to go to the next command (usually located in the next slot, except if the order is a jump command that tells the computer that the next order placed at other locations
Operating systems
The operating system is a combination of such a useful piece of code. As a kind of computer code can be used simultaneously by a wide range of computer programs, after many years, programmers finally menmindahkannya into the operating system.
Operating system, determining which program is run, when, and which tools (such as memory or I / O) that they use. The operating system also provides services to other programs, such as code (drivers) that allows programmers to write programs for a machine without needing to know the details of all electronic devices connected.
[edit] Use of computers
Operating system, determining which program is run, when, and which tools (such as memory or I / O) that they use. The operating system also provides services to other programs, such as code (drivers) that allows programmers to write programs for a machine without needing to know the details of all electronic devices connected.
[edit] Use of computers
Embedded Computers
In about 20 years, many household appliances, particularly including a panel of video games but also includes a cell phone, video cassette recorders, PDAs and many in the household, industrial, automotive, and other electronic equipment, all of which contain electronic circuits such as computer eligible Turing-complete the above (with a note that the programs of these devices are often made directly in the ROM chip which would need to be changed to change the engine program). Other special purpose computer is generally known as a "microcontroller" or "Embedded computer" (embedded computer). Therefore, many of which restrict the definition to computer main purpose tool that is processing information, rather than becoming part of larger systems such as telephone, microwave oven, or a plane, and can be modified for various purposes by users with no physical modifications. The main frame computer, minikomputer, and personal computers (PCs) are the main types of computers that have this definition.
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