Dengan terjadinya Perang Dunia Kedua, negara-negara yang terlibat dalam perang tersebut berusaha mengembangkan komputer untuk mengeksploit potensi strategis yang dimiliki komputer. Hal ini meningkatkan pendanaan pengembangan komputer serta mempercepat kemajuan teknik komputer. Pada tahun 1941, Konrad Zuse, seorang insinyur Jerman membangun sebuah komputer, Z3, untuk mendesain pesawat terbang dan peluru kendali.
Pihak sekutu juga membuat kemajuan lain dalam pengembangan kekuatan komputer. Tahun 1943, pihak Inggris menyelesaikan komputer pemecah kode rahasia yang dinamakan Colossus untuk memecahkan kode-rahasia yang digunakan Jerman. Dampak pembuatan Colossus tidak terlalu mempengaruhi perkembangan industri komputer dikarenakan dua alasan. Pertama, colossus bukan merupakan komputer serbaguna (general-purpose computer), ia hanya didesain untuk memecahkan kode rahasia. Kedua, keberadaan mesin ini dijaga kerahasiaannya hingga satu dekade setelah perang berakhir.
Usaha yang dilakukan oleh pihak Amerika pada saat itu menghasilkan suatu kemajuan lain. Howard H. Aiken (1900-1973), seorang insinyur Harvard yang bekerja dengan IBM, berhasil memproduksi kalkulator elektronik untuk US Navy. Kalkulator tersebut berukuran panjang setengah lapangan bola kaki dan memiliki rentang kabel sepanjang 500 mil. The Harvd-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, atau Mark I, merupakan komputer relai elektronik. Ia menggunakan sinyal elektromagnetik untuk menggerakkan komponen mekanik. Mesin tersebut beropreasi dengan lambat (ia membutuhkan 3-5 detik untuk setiap perhitungan) dan tidak fleksibel (urutan kalkulasi tidak dapat diubah). Kalkulator tersebut dapat melakukan perhitungan aritmatik dasar dan persamaan yang lebih kompleks.
Perkembangan komputer lain pada masa kini adalah Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), yang dibuat oleh kerjasama antara pemerintah Amerika Serikat dan University of Pennsylvania . Terdiri dari 18.000 tabung vakum, 70.000 resistor, dan 5 juta titik solder, komputer tersebut merupakan mesin yang sangat besar yang mengkonsumsi daya sebesar 160kW.
Komputer ini dirancang oleh John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) dn John W. Mauchly (1907-1980), ENIAC merupakan komputer serbaguna (general purpose computer) yang bekerja 1000 kali lebih cepat dibandingkan Mark I.
Pada pertengahan 1940-an, John von Neumann (1903-1957) bergabung dengan tim University of Pennsylvania dalam usha membangun konsep desin komputer yang hingga 40 tahun mendatang masih dipakai dalam teknik komputer. Von Neumann mendesain Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer(EDVAC) pada tahun 1945 dengan sebuh memori untuk menampung baik program ataupun data. Teknik ini memungkinkan komputer untuk berhenti pada suatu saat dan kemudian melanjutkan pekerjaannya kembali. Kunci utama arsitektur von Neumann adalah unit pemrosesan sentral (CPU), yang memungkinkan seluruh fungsi komputer untuk dikoordinasikan melalui satu sumber tunggal. Tahun 1951, UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) yang dibuat oleh Remington Rand, menjadi komputer komersial pertama yang memanfaatkan model arsitektur von Neumann tersebut.
Baik Badan Sensus Amerika Serikat dan General Electric memiliki UNIVAC. Salah satu hasil mengesankan yang dicapai oleh UNIVAC dalah keberhasilannya dalam memprediksi kemenangan Dwilight D. Eisenhower dalam pemilihan presiden tahun 1952.
Komputer Generasi pertama dikarakteristik dengan fakta bahwa instruksi operasi dibuat secara spesifik untuk suatu tugas tertentu. Setiap komputer memiliki program kode-biner yang berbeda yang disebut “bahasa mesin” (machine language). Hal ini menyebabkan komputer sulit untuk diprogram dan membatasi kecepatannya. Ciri lain komputer generasi pertama adalah penggunaan tube vakum (yang membuat komputer pada masa tersebut berukuran sangat besar) dn silinder magnetik untuk penyimpanan data.
Monday, October 26, 2009
Saturday, October 10, 2009
Architecture
Contemporary computer put ALU and control units into a single integrated circuit known as the Central Processing Unit or CPU. Typically, the computer memory is placed in the top few small integrated circuits near the CPU. Tool which occupies most of the computer room is ancilliary system (for example, to provide electrical power) or instrument I / O.
Some larger computers differ from the above model in one main thing - they have multiple CPUs and control units working simultaneously. Moreover, several computers, used largely for research purposes and scientific computing, have differed significantly from the above model, but they have found little commercial use.
The function of the computer, in principle, is actually quite simple. Computer reaching the command and data from memory. Command conducted, the results are stored, and subsequent orders achieved. This procedure is repeated until the computer is turned off.
Some larger computers differ from the above model in one main thing - they have multiple CPUs and control units working simultaneously. Moreover, several computers, used largely for research purposes and scientific computing, have differed significantly from the above model, but they have found little commercial use.
The function of the computer, in principle, is actually quite simple. Computer reaching the command and data from memory. Command conducted, the results are stored, and subsequent orders achieved. This procedure is repeated until the computer is turned off.
Instruction
Commands discussed above is not a command like human language. Computers only have a limited number of simple commands well defined. Ordinary command is understood most of the computer is "copy the contents of cell 123, and a place in the cell clone 456", "add the contents of cell 666 to cell 042, and the result in 013 cells", and "if the contents of cell 999 is 0, the next command you in 345 cells ".
Instructions represented in the computer as a number - code for "copy" may be 001, for example. A set of special commands that are supported by a particular computer is known as machine language. In practice, people usually do not write instructions for computers directly in machine language but use the programming language "high level" is then translated into machine language automatically by special computer programs (interpreters and compilers). Some programming languages are closely related to machine language, such as an assembler (low level languages); on the other hand, languages like Prolog are based on abstract principles far removed from actual implementation details of the engine (high-level language)
Instructions represented in the computer as a number - code for "copy" may be 001, for example. A set of special commands that are supported by a particular computer is known as machine language. In practice, people usually do not write instructions for computers directly in machine language but use the programming language "high level" is then translated into machine language automatically by special computer programs (interpreters and compilers). Some programming languages are closely related to machine language, such as an assembler (low level languages); on the other hand, languages like Prolog are based on abstract principles far removed from actual implementation details of the engine (high-level language)
Input and results
I / O allows the computer to get information from the outside world, and put his work there, can the physical form (hardcopy) or non-physical (softcopy). There are various kinds of devices I / O, from the familiar keyboards, monitors and disk drives, to the more unusual such as a webcam (web camera, printer, scanner, and so on.
Which is owned by all the usual input devices is that they encode (change) information of a kind to the data can be further processed by a digital computer system. Instrument output, decoding the data into information that can be understood by computer users. In this sense, the digital computer system is an example of data processing systems.
Which is owned by all the usual input devices is that they encode (change) information of a kind to the data can be further processed by a digital computer system. Instrument output, decoding the data into information that can be understood by computer users. In this sense, the digital computer system is an example of data processing systems.
Processing
Central processing unit or CPU (central processing unit) contributes to process referrals, perform calculation and deal with excessive menerusi information computer system. Processing units or devices will also communicate with the device input, output and storan to implement directives related.
Image: CPU with pins.jpg
Example of a CPU in packaging Ball Grid Array (BGA) is displayed upside down by showing her legs
In the von Neumann architecture of the original, he describes an Arithmetic and Logic Unit and a Control Unit. In modern computers, the two units are located in a single integrated circuit (IC - Integrated Circuit), which is usually called the CPU (Central Processing Unit).
Arithmetic and Logic Unit, or Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), is a device that performs the basic implementation as the implementation of arithmetic (addition, subtraction, and the like), the implementation of logical (AND, OR, NOT), and the implementation of comparison (eg, compare the contents of two slots for equality). In this unit performed "work" is real.
Save the command control unit is now done by computers, orders for the implementation of the ALU and get back information (from memory) needed to execute the command, and move back the results to the appropriate memory location. Once that happens, the control unit to go to the next command (usually located in the next slot, except if the order is a jump command that tells the computer that the next order placed at other locations
Image: CPU with pins.jpg
Example of a CPU in packaging Ball Grid Array (BGA) is displayed upside down by showing her legs
In the von Neumann architecture of the original, he describes an Arithmetic and Logic Unit and a Control Unit. In modern computers, the two units are located in a single integrated circuit (IC - Integrated Circuit), which is usually called the CPU (Central Processing Unit).
Arithmetic and Logic Unit, or Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), is a device that performs the basic implementation as the implementation of arithmetic (addition, subtraction, and the like), the implementation of logical (AND, OR, NOT), and the implementation of comparison (eg, compare the contents of two slots for equality). In this unit performed "work" is real.
Save the command control unit is now done by computers, orders for the implementation of the ALU and get back information (from memory) needed to execute the command, and move back the results to the appropriate memory location. Once that happens, the control unit to go to the next command (usually located in the next slot, except if the order is a jump command that tells the computer that the next order placed at other locations
Operating systems
The operating system is a combination of such a useful piece of code. As a kind of computer code can be used simultaneously by a wide range of computer programs, after many years, programmers finally menmindahkannya into the operating system.
Operating system, determining which program is run, when, and which tools (such as memory or I / O) that they use. The operating system also provides services to other programs, such as code (drivers) that allows programmers to write programs for a machine without needing to know the details of all electronic devices connected.
[edit] Use of computers
Operating system, determining which program is run, when, and which tools (such as memory or I / O) that they use. The operating system also provides services to other programs, such as code (drivers) that allows programmers to write programs for a machine without needing to know the details of all electronic devices connected.
[edit] Use of computers
Embedded Computers
In about 20 years, many household appliances, particularly including a panel of video games but also includes a cell phone, video cassette recorders, PDAs and many in the household, industrial, automotive, and other electronic equipment, all of which contain electronic circuits such as computer eligible Turing-complete the above (with a note that the programs of these devices are often made directly in the ROM chip which would need to be changed to change the engine program). Other special purpose computer is generally known as a "microcontroller" or "Embedded computer" (embedded computer). Therefore, many of which restrict the definition to computer main purpose tool that is processing information, rather than becoming part of larger systems such as telephone, microwave oven, or a plane, and can be modified for various purposes by users with no physical modifications. The main frame computer, minikomputer, and personal computers (PCs) are the main types of computers that have this definition.
How It Works Sih Flash Disk??
Flash is often referred to as a USB Drive, Pen Drive, Pocket Drive, or microdisk. In the device, embedded memory controller and data storage that are non - volatile alias will not be lost even if there is no electric power. Flash components simpler and relatively less than the hard drive. This is because the flash does not need a dish, motor, or other parts that work mechanically. Flash current age range 10 years (during normal pemakian). Tips for your use of the flash on the Windows operating system release flash Me/2000/XP recommend a safe manner (Safe Removal). This is to avoid the remaining data and have not written from cache to flash memory. Revocation of a sudden flash may cause the data that has not finished writing become damaged. Disconnect safe way to prolong the life of the flash because of the read / write between the computer and the flash is first secured and a short electrical connections (which can damage the flash components) can be prevented.
reset the BIOS settings / CMOS reply terpassword
Action settings reset BIOS / CMOS reply terpassword usually accessible
mem-bypass/merubah done with jumpers on the motherboard, but the following tips
only through a simple instruksi2 assembler, using a small program
yg named debug.exe,. o yes these instructions for Windows-based PCs.
Langkah2nya as follows:
* From a DOS prompt (c: \), type debugging, yg sdh should have as part
from windows
* On-screen prompt will appear typical debugging programs, a "-" without
quotes.
* From the prompt - type A, followed by ENTER .... On the screen:-D
* Type mov cx, 0 (zero, not letter O) ... on the screen:-mov cx, 0
* Will appear a series of hexadecimal digits, for example 0B05: 0103, note
yg numbers appear in the last 3 digits, 103 for example here, will
pd is the last step
* Type mov ax, cx followed by ENTER ... ... .. on the screen:-mov ax, cx
* Type out 70, al followed ENTER ... ... .. on the screen:-out 70, al
* Type mov ax, 0 followed by ENTER ... ... .. on the screen:-mov ax, 0
* Type out 71, al followed ENTER ... ... ... on the screen:-o ut 71, al
* Type inc cx followed by ENTER ... ... .... On the screen:-inc cx
* Type cmp cx, 256 followed by ENTER ... ... on the screen:-cmp cx, 256
* Type JB 103 (yg number appears on the first step), followed by ENTER two
times, on the screen:-jb 103
* Type g (as the command GO)
* Restart / CTRL-ALT-DEL computer.
Complete instructions as follows:
CODE:
C: \> debug
-A
0B05: 0100 MOV CX, 0
0B05: 0103 MOV AX, CX
0B05: 0105 OUT 70, AL
0B05: 0107 MOV AX, 0
0B05: 010A OUT 71, AL
0B05: 010C INC CX
0B05: 010D CMP CX, 256
0B05: 0111 JB 103
0B05: 0113
-G
mem-bypass/merubah done with jumpers on the motherboard, but the following tips
only through a simple instruksi2 assembler, using a small program
yg named debug.exe,. o yes these instructions for Windows-based PCs.
Langkah2nya as follows:
* From a DOS prompt (c: \), type debugging, yg sdh should have as part
from windows
* On-screen prompt will appear typical debugging programs, a "-" without
quotes.
* From the prompt - type A, followed by ENTER .... On the screen:-D
* Type mov cx, 0 (zero, not letter O) ... on the screen:-mov cx, 0
* Will appear a series of hexadecimal digits, for example 0B05: 0103, note
yg numbers appear in the last 3 digits, 103 for example here, will
pd is the last step
* Type mov ax, cx followed by ENTER ... ... .. on the screen:-mov ax, cx
* Type out 70, al followed ENTER ... ... .. on the screen:-out 70, al
* Type mov ax, 0 followed by ENTER ... ... .. on the screen:-mov ax, 0
* Type out 71, al followed ENTER ... ... ... on the screen:-o ut 71, al
* Type inc cx followed by ENTER ... ... .... On the screen:-inc cx
* Type cmp cx, 256 followed by ENTER ... ... on the screen:-cmp cx, 256
* Type JB 103 (yg number appears on the first step), followed by ENTER two
times, on the screen:-jb 103
* Type g (as the command GO)
* Restart / CTRL-ALT-DEL computer.
Complete instructions as follows:
CODE:
C: \> debug
-A
0B05: 0100 MOV CX, 0
0B05: 0103 MOV AX, CX
0B05: 0105 OUT 70, AL
0B05: 0107 MOV AX, 0
0B05: 010A OUT 71, AL
0B05: 010C INC CX
0B05: 010D CMP CX, 256
0B05: 0111 JB 103
0B05: 0113
-G
bios
If Windows is the friendly face who presented projects to the world's computers, the BIOS is the dark side of the subconscious in charge to think. BIOS (Basic Input / Output System) is a code for the fundamental functions of a PC, such as collecting beats from the keyboard button or put pixel to screen.
This small program works behind the scenes, translating the Windows command-friendly people into numbers zero and one which is only understood by your hardware. And as the human subconscious, the BIOS can be a very strong influence on behavior and performance of your PC.
Therapy BIOS
As new technologies emerge and old bug is found, computer makers often published version has been updated BIOS that can solve problems and improve performance. Check the Web site PC makers about the latest updates. But first make sure you have the latest BIOS version number; usually appears briefly on your screen right after you turn on the system. (Press the Pause button when kilasannya too fast.)
Updating the BIOS is easy, but you must do so with caution. Usually you need to run a small program from a floppy disk only. But if there are problems, you can only mourn the motherboard that you can no longer use. So make sure that you have read all the instructions in the readme file BIOS update. And always do exactly what the instructions say.
If the BIOS is a PC unconscious, then the Setup utility is the foundation for building character PC. Utility has a user setting to control the hard disk, memory, graphics cards, power saving, USB ports, and other hardware. The program is usually included in the disk, but now it is stored in the same chip ROM with the PC BIOS.
To open the setup, simply press the button (or key combination) is recommended to you for inclusion as a PC to start up. Each BIOS manufacturer uses a different key - Delete, F1, or F10. On your screen should show the buttons or knobs which need to setup the right button after the screen displays the BIOS version number. If not, check your system documentation.
Because the Setup utility created by the BIOS manufacturer and are in the same chip with the BIOS, it is often called the BIOS Setup utility. And because of this utility in the chip storing settingnya clock / calendar - chip complementary metal-oxide semiconductor, or CMOS - it is sometimes referred to as the CMOS Setup program. (Chip CMOS have their own batteries to maintain even a PC chip set is turned off.)
Setup utility has an abundance of hardware settings, ranging from the obvious, like setting the clock time on a PC, to the invisible, like a number of "wait states" which coordinates the flow of data between RAM and CPU.
First, Do not Ruin
When working with PC Setup utility, use the same rule of thumb taught in early brain surgery: If you do not know what to do something, do not deal with him. Carelessness change wait state or other settings can degrade performance or even cause system crashes.
If you think you've accidentally changing settings while working with the Setup utility, immediately stop and start from scratch again. All utilities Setup menu choice that lets you exit without saving changes. You may see also the option to restore the settings to default values. Ignore this option: If your PC vendor has been doing fine-tune the system, the default settings of the BIOS manufacturer may make it not optimal.
Backup your settings before making changes. When the battery feed chip clock / calendar to die, your settings to die with him. If you have a setup utility backup option, use it. If not, record the settings in the paper - or press the Print Screen key for each screen in these utilities (but this does not always work).
What Wanted
Before you begin, read to the end user manual that came with your PC or motherboard. Many manuals offer a brief explanation of each setting. Settings vary according to the manufacturer and model, but you should find this on almost all PCs:
Optimization and compatibility settings: Setup Utilities often contain settings for hardware performance. Sometimes this is not an optimal set at the factory, mainly on the PC are made by order or generic. Scan the entire Setup program. AGP mode settings and DMA settings are prime candidates for optimized. These settings are also useful for troubleshooting new hardware installed: Disabling or lowering the settings provided can trigger kompatibelan lack of graphics card, CD-ROM drive, or other devices that happen before.
Setting hard drive: You'll find a table, usually on the second page or Advanced, and under the title "IDE", which lists all the configuration parameters for EIDE hard drives are directly connected to the motherboard. (SCSI and EIDE hard disk drive that has no expansion card will run the configuration program itself.) While most PCs are made over the last few years can seamlessly detect and configure a new hard disk, some require manual installation. Read your new disk documentation about these procedures and use the options on-screen to make changes in this table.
Floppy disk: This option lets you set the type of floppy drives (3.5 inch, 1.44 MB, for example) that you have specified as drive A: or B: you. This is a setting that needs to be checked if you have a floppy-drive problems. Some utilities have setup the security settings `Floppy Read only` in itself prevent your data is written to the floppy disk and deleted from your PC.
Boot sequence: This setting determines where the first views the PC as boot-up instructions. Example: `A: then C:`, `C: and D:`, or `C:,` Zip drive. To boot from the CD-ROM drive, Zip, or LS-120, you seem to have to change this setting.
Password protection: If this is enabled, the BIOS will ask for a password before booting up. So be careful with this one: If you forget the password, you have to reset the motherboard jumpers or removing the CMOS battery, which will cause you to lose all the settings, or you even have to buy a new motherboard.
Setting IRQ: If you need extra IRQ settings for the new hardware, you need to free the IRQ by disabling unused features, such as serial ports, parallel port, or USB port.
Parallel port settings: Select the most appropriate mode for the hardware. ECP or EPP mode can greatly speed up the printers and other devices.
Fan RPM and temperature of the CPU: Two critical parameters should be checked periodically to ensure they function properly.
Help Hardware Offline
Internet is great for finding answers to the questions of hardware, but investigating the Web sites for advice that can be trusted enough to spend time. Sometimes the fastest way to get an answer is old-fashioned way: with a good reference book. Below are two of the best.
Upgrading and Repairing PCs (www.upgradingandrepairingpcs.com) by Scott Mueller (U.S. $ 60) is a classic book that includes everything you need on the PC and the things you might not know. If you are looking for a comprehensive reference, breadth and depth of this title unbeaten (www.quepublishing.com).
PC Hardware in a Nutshell (www.oreilly.com/catalog/pchardnut2) by Barbara Fritchman Thompson and Robert Bruce Thompson (U.S. $ 40) is a good practical guide to buying and using PCs. Loaded with advice concise style that clearly provides the information you need, without your having to look for it (www.oreilly.com).
Drive Dirty
Benah-benah the weekend leaving a layer of dust that covered the entire office, and you kuaatir CD-RW drive may be dirty. How should clean it?
Maybe you should not. Even the most subtle rubbing can inhibit laser-sensitive on the drive, so if it is not broke, do not wash. When performance declines, or if your drive can not read the media, try some sprays are directed to either of the air spray cans - available at a price less than U.S. $ 10 in computer stores. Make sure to use a plastic straw that accompany cans. And keep spraying it slowly; pressure spray can cause excessive condensation of moisture accumulated in the interior of the drive. Before using a cleaning kit CD-RW as U.S. $ 15 Kensington Drive Guardian artificial (www.kensington.com/html/1080.html), seek a recommendation from the drive manufacturer; some recommend, but others do not.
Stop the Old Program
Some software programs that parents really can not function only on a PC at high speed today. If you have old programs that lock or raises an error message every time you want to run it, try CPUKiller; utility is free and easy to use, which allows you to slow down your PC as little or as much as you want. Go to www.cpukiller.com to download it.
This small program works behind the scenes, translating the Windows command-friendly people into numbers zero and one which is only understood by your hardware. And as the human subconscious, the BIOS can be a very strong influence on behavior and performance of your PC.
Therapy BIOS
As new technologies emerge and old bug is found, computer makers often published version has been updated BIOS that can solve problems and improve performance. Check the Web site PC makers about the latest updates. But first make sure you have the latest BIOS version number; usually appears briefly on your screen right after you turn on the system. (Press the Pause button when kilasannya too fast.)
Updating the BIOS is easy, but you must do so with caution. Usually you need to run a small program from a floppy disk only. But if there are problems, you can only mourn the motherboard that you can no longer use. So make sure that you have read all the instructions in the readme file BIOS update. And always do exactly what the instructions say.
If the BIOS is a PC unconscious, then the Setup utility is the foundation for building character PC. Utility has a user setting to control the hard disk, memory, graphics cards, power saving, USB ports, and other hardware. The program is usually included in the disk, but now it is stored in the same chip ROM with the PC BIOS.
To open the setup, simply press the button (or key combination) is recommended to you for inclusion as a PC to start up. Each BIOS manufacturer uses a different key - Delete, F1, or F10. On your screen should show the buttons or knobs which need to setup the right button after the screen displays the BIOS version number. If not, check your system documentation.
Because the Setup utility created by the BIOS manufacturer and are in the same chip with the BIOS, it is often called the BIOS Setup utility. And because of this utility in the chip storing settingnya clock / calendar - chip complementary metal-oxide semiconductor, or CMOS - it is sometimes referred to as the CMOS Setup program. (Chip CMOS have their own batteries to maintain even a PC chip set is turned off.)
Setup utility has an abundance of hardware settings, ranging from the obvious, like setting the clock time on a PC, to the invisible, like a number of "wait states" which coordinates the flow of data between RAM and CPU.
First, Do not Ruin
When working with PC Setup utility, use the same rule of thumb taught in early brain surgery: If you do not know what to do something, do not deal with him. Carelessness change wait state or other settings can degrade performance or even cause system crashes.
If you think you've accidentally changing settings while working with the Setup utility, immediately stop and start from scratch again. All utilities Setup menu choice that lets you exit without saving changes. You may see also the option to restore the settings to default values. Ignore this option: If your PC vendor has been doing fine-tune the system, the default settings of the BIOS manufacturer may make it not optimal.
Backup your settings before making changes. When the battery feed chip clock / calendar to die, your settings to die with him. If you have a setup utility backup option, use it. If not, record the settings in the paper - or press the Print Screen key for each screen in these utilities (but this does not always work).
What Wanted
Before you begin, read to the end user manual that came with your PC or motherboard. Many manuals offer a brief explanation of each setting. Settings vary according to the manufacturer and model, but you should find this on almost all PCs:
Optimization and compatibility settings: Setup Utilities often contain settings for hardware performance. Sometimes this is not an optimal set at the factory, mainly on the PC are made by order or generic. Scan the entire Setup program. AGP mode settings and DMA settings are prime candidates for optimized. These settings are also useful for troubleshooting new hardware installed: Disabling or lowering the settings provided can trigger kompatibelan lack of graphics card, CD-ROM drive, or other devices that happen before.
Setting hard drive: You'll find a table, usually on the second page or Advanced, and under the title "IDE", which lists all the configuration parameters for EIDE hard drives are directly connected to the motherboard. (SCSI and EIDE hard disk drive that has no expansion card will run the configuration program itself.) While most PCs are made over the last few years can seamlessly detect and configure a new hard disk, some require manual installation. Read your new disk documentation about these procedures and use the options on-screen to make changes in this table.
Floppy disk: This option lets you set the type of floppy drives (3.5 inch, 1.44 MB, for example) that you have specified as drive A: or B: you. This is a setting that needs to be checked if you have a floppy-drive problems. Some utilities have setup the security settings `Floppy Read only` in itself prevent your data is written to the floppy disk and deleted from your PC.
Boot sequence: This setting determines where the first views the PC as boot-up instructions. Example: `A: then C:`, `C: and D:`, or `C:,` Zip drive. To boot from the CD-ROM drive, Zip, or LS-120, you seem to have to change this setting.
Password protection: If this is enabled, the BIOS will ask for a password before booting up. So be careful with this one: If you forget the password, you have to reset the motherboard jumpers or removing the CMOS battery, which will cause you to lose all the settings, or you even have to buy a new motherboard.
Setting IRQ: If you need extra IRQ settings for the new hardware, you need to free the IRQ by disabling unused features, such as serial ports, parallel port, or USB port.
Parallel port settings: Select the most appropriate mode for the hardware. ECP or EPP mode can greatly speed up the printers and other devices.
Fan RPM and temperature of the CPU: Two critical parameters should be checked periodically to ensure they function properly.
Help Hardware Offline
Internet is great for finding answers to the questions of hardware, but investigating the Web sites for advice that can be trusted enough to spend time. Sometimes the fastest way to get an answer is old-fashioned way: with a good reference book. Below are two of the best.
Upgrading and Repairing PCs (www.upgradingandrepairingpcs.com) by Scott Mueller (U.S. $ 60) is a classic book that includes everything you need on the PC and the things you might not know. If you are looking for a comprehensive reference, breadth and depth of this title unbeaten (www.quepublishing.com).
PC Hardware in a Nutshell (www.oreilly.com/catalog/pchardnut2) by Barbara Fritchman Thompson and Robert Bruce Thompson (U.S. $ 40) is a good practical guide to buying and using PCs. Loaded with advice concise style that clearly provides the information you need, without your having to look for it (www.oreilly.com).
Drive Dirty
Benah-benah the weekend leaving a layer of dust that covered the entire office, and you kuaatir CD-RW drive may be dirty. How should clean it?
Maybe you should not. Even the most subtle rubbing can inhibit laser-sensitive on the drive, so if it is not broke, do not wash. When performance declines, or if your drive can not read the media, try some sprays are directed to either of the air spray cans - available at a price less than U.S. $ 10 in computer stores. Make sure to use a plastic straw that accompany cans. And keep spraying it slowly; pressure spray can cause excessive condensation of moisture accumulated in the interior of the drive. Before using a cleaning kit CD-RW as U.S. $ 15 Kensington Drive Guardian artificial (www.kensington.com/html/1080.html), seek a recommendation from the drive manufacturer; some recommend, but others do not.
Stop the Old Program
Some software programs that parents really can not function only on a PC at high speed today. If you have old programs that lock or raises an error message every time you want to run it, try CPUKiller; utility is free and easy to use, which allows you to slow down your PC as little or as much as you want. Go to www.cpukiller.com to download it.
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